How do carbohydrates impact your health? - Richard J. Wood

Carbohydrate is the nutritional category for sugars and molecules that your body breaks down to make sugars.

There are two major types of carbohydrates in foods:

1. Simple sugars. Monosaccharides are glucose, fructose, and galactose. When two monosaccharides are linked you get a disaccharide, like lactose, maltose, and sucrose.
2. Complex carbohydrates have three or more simple sugars strung together. Three to ten linked sugars are oligosaccharides. More than ten are called polysaccharides.

During digestion, your body breaks down complex carbohydrates into monosaccharide building blocks, which your cells use for energy. 

The sugar level in your blood goes up when you eat any carbohydrate-rich food. 

• Food like crackers and white bread are high in starch and are easily digested. They have a high glycemic index, raising the sugar level in your blood.
• Food high in fibre like vegetables, fruits and whole grains slows the release of glucose into the blood. They have a lower glycemic index.
• Eggs, chees and meat have the lowest glycemic index.

Insulin is a hormone that is synthesised in the pancreas.  Insulin is essential for sugar management. 

When you eat, and your blood sugar rises, insulin is secreted into the blood. It encourages your muscle and fat cells to let glucose in and starts the conversion of sugar into energy. 

Insulin sensitivity is how responsive your cells are to insulin. The more a unit of insulin lowers blood sugar, the more sensitive you are to insulin.

If insulin sensitivity goes down, it is known as insulin resistance.  The pancreas still sends out insulin, but the muscle cells are less responsive to it. The blood sugar fails to lower and the blood insulin continues to rise.

Whether your food tastes sweet or not, sugar is sugar. Chronically consuming a lot of carbohydrates may lead to insulin resistance which can lead to a serious condition called metabolic syndrome.

Symptoms of metabolic syndrome include high blood sugar,  increased waist circumference, and high blood pressure.  Metabolic syndrome increases the risk of developing cardiovascular disease and type II diabetes.